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Coffee Consumption and Cancer Risk: An Assessment of the Health Implications Based on Recent Knowledge.
Pauwels, EKJ, Volterrani, D
Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2021;30(5):401-411
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Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. Coffee is a good source of polyphenolic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds such as caffeine, cafestol, kahweol, and chlorogenic acids. This review included one hundred and five cohort studies and meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between coffee consumption and cancer of the breast, liver, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, colorectum, kidney, bladder, prostate, and ovaries. The results of this review found an inverse association between coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular cancer. A slight risk reduction is observed against breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This review found no considerable association between coffee consumption and decreased cancer risk in other organs. Further robust studies are required to investigate the benefits of coffee consumption on cancer risk reduction due to the high heterogeneity of included studies. However, healthcare professionals can use the results of this study to understand the benefits of coffee consumption.
Abstract
A significant number of studies suggest that coffee consumption reduces cancer risk. This beneficial effect is usually ascribed to the presence of polyphenolic antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, including caffeine, cafestol, kahweol, and chlorogenic acids. To summarize recent literature on this subject, we performed a bibliographic search in PubMed and Embase over the period January 2005 to December 2020 to identify cohort studies and meta-analysis (with data collection ensuring quality of selected reports) that could provide quantitative data on the relationship between coffee consumption and common cancers. The totality of eligible scientific articles supports the evidence that coffee intake is inversely associated with risk of hepatocellular cancer and, to a slight extent, risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. As to the association with other organs, including the esophagus, pancreas, colorectum, kidneys, bladder, ovaries, and prostate, the results are less clear as reports reveal conflicting results or statistically nonsignificant data. Therefore, this overview does not provide broad-based conclusions. Important uncertainties include general study design, inhomogeneous patient sampling, different statistical analysis (deliberate), misreporting of socioeconomic status, education, coffee-brewing methods, consumption of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee, smoking habits, and alcohol intake. Clearly, more epidemiologic research needs to be conducted before solid science-based recommendations can be made with regard to coffee consumption.
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Dietary patterns and Helicobacter pylori infection in a group of Chinese adults ages between 45 and 59 years old: An observational study.
Shu, L, Zheng, PF, Zhang, XY, Feng, YL
Medicine. 2019;98(2):e14113
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Research has shown that diet plays an important role in the development of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection, a major cause of many digestive diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and H pylori infection in a Chinese population aged 45-59. Dietary patterns among 3014 adults were assessed through a food frequency questionnaire and diet patterns were categorised as either health-conscious, Western, grains-vegetables and high salt. A breath test was used to diagnose H pylori infection and the prevalence among the entire test population was 27.5%. This study found that among this population, the grains-vegetables pattern was associated with a decreased risk of H pylori infection whereas the high salt pattern was associated with an increased risk. The authors suggest these findings be confirmed through further prospective studies and include a wider cohort that is more indicative of the general population.
Abstract
Limited studies have reported the association between dietary patterns and the risk of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary patterns and H pylori infection in a Chinese population ages from 45 to 59 years. We performed a cross-sectional examination of the associations between dietary patterns and H pylori infection in 3014 Chinese adults ages between 45 and 59 years from Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China. Dietary intake was assessed through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). H pylori infection was diagnosed using the C-urea breath test. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of H pylori infection. The prevalence of H pylori infection was 27.5%. Four major dietary patterns were identified by means of factor analysis: health-conscious, Western, grains-vegetables and high-salt patterns. After adjustment for the potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the "grains-vegetables" pattern scores had a lower odds ratio (OR) for H pylori infection (OR = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.732-0.973; P = .04) than did those in the lowest quartile. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile of the "high-salt" pattern scores had a greater OR for H pylori infection (OR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.004-1.139; P = .048). Besides, no significant associations were found between the "health-conscious" and "Western" dietary patterns and the risk of H pylori infection.Our findings demonstrate that the "grains-vegetables" pattern is associated with a decreased risk, while "high-salt" pattern is associated with an increased risk of H pylori infection.
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Effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition on inflammatory and immune function in postoperative patients with gastrointestinal malignancy: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials in China.
Zhao, Y, Wang, C
Medicine. 2018;97(16):e0472
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can have a beneficial effect on inflammation and immune function. This meta-analysis looked at the effectiveness of omega-3 PUFAs on inflammatory and immune function in patients with stomach or colorectal cancers, following surgery. 16 Chinese randomised controlled trials with over 1000 patients carried out between 2000 and 2017 were included in the analysis. The researchers found that the numbers of immune cells in the omega-3 group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The levels of antibodies in people given omega-3 were significantly higher than those in the control group. Inflammatory markers in the omega-3 group were significantly lower. Those given omega-3 were 64% less likely to experience post-surgical infections. The result of this meta-analysis confirmed that supplementing gastrointestinal cancer patients with omega-3 improves post-surgery indicators of immune function, reduces inflammation, and reduces infections related to surgery. The authors recommend that omega-3 should be added to the nutrition formula given to gastrointestinal cancer patients following surgery.
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no consensus regarding the efficacy of omega-3polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on inflammatory and immune function in postoperative patients with gastrointestinal malignancy. METHODS The literatures published randomized control trials (RCT) were searched in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Weipu, and Wanfang Databases. The immune efficacy outcomes of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy were compared. RESULTS Sixteen RCTs involving 1008 patients (506 in the omega-3 group, 502 in the control group) were enrolled into the analysis. The results of meta-analysis: the cell immunity: The proportions of CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 in the omega-3 group were significantly higher than those in the control group (CD3: WMD = 4.48; 95% CI, 3.34-5.62; P < .00001; I = 0%; CD4: WMD = 5.55; 95% CI, 4.75-6.34; P < .00001; I = 0%; CD4/CD8: WMD = .28; 95% CI, 0.13-0.44; P = .0004; I = 81%). In the humoral immunity: The levels of IgA, IgM and IgG in the omega-3 group were significantly higher than those in the control group (IgA: WMD = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.25-0.37; P < .00001; I = 0%; IgM: WMD = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.06-1.81; P < .00001; I = 0%; IgG: WMD = 1.19; 95% CI, 0.80-1.58; P < .00001; I = 0%). The count of lymphocyte in the omega-3 group was significantly higher than that in the control group (WMD = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.12-0.33; P < .0001; I = 40%). In the postoperative inflammatory cytokine: The levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-reactive protein in the omega-3 group were significantly lower than those in the control group (IL-6: WMD = -3.09; 95% CI, -3.91 to 2.27; P < .00001; I = 45%; TNF-α: WMD = -1.65; 95% CI, -2.05 to 1.25; P < .00001; I = 28%; CRP: WMD = -4.28; 95% CI, -5.26 to 3.30; P < .00001; I = 37%). The rate of postoperative infective complications in the omega-3 group was significantly lower than that in the control group (OR = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.20-0.66; P = .0008; I = 0%). CONCLUSION This meta-kanalysis confirmed that early intervention with Omega -3 fatty acid emulsion in gastrointestinal cancer can not only improve the postoperative indicators of immune function, reduce inflammatory reaction, and improve the postoperative curative effect but also improve the immune suppression induced by conventional PN or tumor. Therefore, postoperative patients with gastrointestinal cancer should add omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids in their PN formula. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to verify its efficacy.
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Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans.
Yanaka, A, Fahey, JW, Fukumoto, A, Nakayama, M, Inoue, S, Zhang, S, Tauchi, M, Suzuki, H, Hyodo, I, Yamamoto, M
Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2009;2(4):353-60
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Helicobacter pylori infection is strongly associated with stomach cancer. Broccoli sprouts are rich in glucoraphanin, the precursor of sulforaphane and have been shown to be bactericidal against Helicobacter pylori infections. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy of broccoli sprouts in reducing H. pylori infection in high-salt, H. pylori–infected mice and infected humans. 6-wk-old mice were infected with H-Pylori and consumed a high salt diet for 2 months. High-salt diets exaggerate H. pylori–induced gastritis in mice. Mice were randomised into 2 groups receiving either broccoli sprouts in water or plain drinking water. Mice had free food access. 50 H. pylori–positive human volunteers whose endoscopy showed gastritis were randomised to consume 70 g/d of broccoli sprouts or equivalent of alfalfa sprouts for 8 weeks. Self reported compliance (95%) was confirmed by urine sample. In mice consuming the broccoli sprout water, inflammation was reduced, as were the cytokines unregulated by H. pylori infection. In humans, inflammation in the gastric lumen was significantly reduced in the broccoli sprout group only. Both stool and breath markers of H pylori were significantly lower when compared to control. The authors conclude that intake of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts for 2 months reduces H. pylori colonization in mice and improves infection in H pylori positive mice and humans.
Abstract
The isothiocyanate sulforaphane [SF; 1-isothiocyanato-4(R)-methylsulfinylbutane] is abundant in broccoli sprouts in the form of its glucosinolate precursor (glucoraphanin). SF is powerfully bactericidal against Helicobacter pylori infections, which are strongly associated with the worldwide pandemic of gastric cancer. Oral treatment with SF-rich broccoli sprouts of C57BL/6 female mice infected with H. pylori Sydney strain 1 and maintained on a high-salt (7.5% NaCl) diet reduced gastric bacterial colonization, attenuated mucosal expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, mitigated corpus inflammation, and prevented expression of high salt-induced gastric corpus atrophy. This therapeutic effect was not observed in mice in which the nrf2 gene was deleted, strongly implicating the important role of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins in SF-dependent protection. Forty-eight H. pylori-infected patients were randomly assigned to feeding of broccoli sprouts (70 g/d; containing 420 micromol of SF precursor) for 8 weeks or to consumption of an equal weight of alfalfa sprouts (not containing SF) as placebo. Intervention with broccoli sprouts, but not with placebo, decreased the levels of urease measured by the urea breath test and H. pylori stool antigen (both biomarkers of H. pylori colonization) and serum pepsinogens I and II (biomarkers of gastric inflammation). Values recovered to their original levels 2 months after treatment was discontinued. Daily intake of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts for 2 months reduces H. pylori colonization in mice and improves the sequelae of infection in infected mice and in humans. This treatment seems to enhance chemoprotection of the gastric mucosa against H. pylori-induced oxidative stress.